In the United States, an Act of Congress (1978) that required utilities that had made their poles available for use by communications usage to provide cable television (CATV) providers with just, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory access to any pole, duct, conduit, or right of way owned or controlled by it. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 expanded the jurisdiction of this act to include certain (non-incumbent local exchange) carriers, and subsequent court decisions confirmed the applications of this act to CATV providers (no matter what kind of service was carried over their wires), wireless telecommunications service providers, and high-speed Internet access services, as well as television and voice communications. See also CATV, ILEC, right of way, Telecommunications Act of 1996, and utility.